SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
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| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
1.Valuation of the Investment Portfolio
Main Street accounts for its Investment Portfolio at fair value. As a result, Main Street follows the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework
for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. ASC 820 requires Main Street to assume that the portfolio investment is to be sold in the principal market to independent market participants, which may be a hypothetical market. Market participants are defined as buyers and sellers in the principal market that are independent, knowledgeable and willing and able to transact.
Main Street’s portfolio strategy calls for it to invest primarily in illiquid debt and equity securities issued by privately held, LMM companies and debt securities issued by Middle Market companies that are generally larger in size than the LMM companies and that can be more liquid than the debt securities issued by LMM companies. Main Street categorizes some of its investments in LMM companies and Middle Market companies as Private Loan portfolio investments, which are primarily debt securities in privately held companies that have primarily been originated directly by Main Street or, to a lesser extent, through its strategic relationships with other investment funds on a collaborative basis through investments that are often referred to in the debt markets as “club deals” because of the small lender group size. In both cases, Main Street’s Private Loan investments are typically made to a company owned by or in the process of being acquired by a private equity sponsor. Private Loan investments are made in companies that are consistent with the size of companies Main Street invests in through its LMM portfolio and Middle Market portfolio. Main Street’s portfolio also includes Other Portfolio investments which primarily consist of investments that are not consistent with the typical profiles for its LMM, Private Loan or Middle Market portfolio investments, including investments which may be managed by third parties. Main Street’s portfolio may also include short-term portfolio investments that are atypical of Main Street’s LMM, Private Loan and Middle Market portfolio investments in that they are intended to be a short-term deployment of capital and are more liquid than investments within the other portfolios. Main Street’s portfolio investments may be subject to restrictions on resale.
LMM investments and Other Portfolio investments generally have no established trading market, while Private Loan investments may include investments which have no established market or have established markets that are not active. Middle Market and short-term portfolio investments generally have established markets that are not active. Main Street determines in good faith the fair value of its Investment Portfolio pursuant to a valuation policy in accordance with ASC 820, with such valuation process approved by its Board of Directors and in accordance with the 1940 Act. Main Street’s valuation policies and processes are intended to provide a consistent basis for determining the fair value of Main Street’s Investment Portfolio.
For LMM portfolio investments, Main Street generally reviews external events, including private mergers, sales and acquisitions involving comparable companies, and includes these events in the valuation process by using an enterprise value waterfall methodology (“Waterfall”) for its LMM equity investments and an income approach using a yield-to-maturity model (“Yield-to-Maturity”) valuation method for its LMM debt investments. For Private Loan and Middle Market portfolio investments in debt securities for which it has determined that third-party quotes or other independent pricing are not available or appropriate, Main Street generally estimates the fair value based on the assumptions that it believes hypothetical market participants would use to value the investment in a current hypothetical sale using the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method. For Middle Market and short-term portfolio investments in debt securities for which it has determined that third-party quotes or other independent prices are available, Main Street primarily uses quoted prices in the valuation process. Main Street determines the appropriateness of the use of third-party broker quotes, if any, in determining fair value based on its understanding of the level of actual transactions used by the broker to develop the quote and whether the quote was an indicative price or binding offer, the depth and consistency of broker quotes and the correlation of changes in broker quotes with underlying performance of the portfolio company and other market indices. For its Other Portfolio equity investments, Main Street generally calculates the fair value of the investment primarily based on the net asset value (“NAV”) of the fund and adjusts the fair value for other factors deemed relevant that would affect the fair value of the investment. All of the valuation approaches for Main Street’s portfolio investments estimate the value of the investment as if Main Street were to sell, or exit, the investment as of the measurement date.
These valuation approaches consider the value associated with Main Street’s ability to control the capital structure of the portfolio company, as well as the timing of a potential exit. For valuation purposes, “control” portfolio investments are composed of debt and equity securities in companies for which Main Street has a controlling interest in the equity ownership of the portfolio company or the ability to nominate a majority of the portfolio company’s board of directors. For valuation purposes, “non-control” portfolio investments are generally composed of debt and equity securities in companies
for which Main Street does not have a controlling interest in the equity ownership of the portfolio company or the ability to nominate a majority of the portfolio company’s board of directors.
Under the Waterfall valuation method, Main Street estimates the enterprise value of a portfolio company using a combination of market and income approaches or other appropriate valuation methods, such as considering recent transactions in the equity securities of the portfolio company or third-party valuations of the portfolio company, and then performs a Waterfall calculation by allocating the enterprise value over the portfolio company’s securities in order of their preference relative to one another. The enterprise value is the fair value at which an enterprise could be sold in a transaction between two willing parties, other than through a forced or liquidation sale. Typically, privately held companies are bought and sold based on multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), cash flows, net income, revenues, or in limited cases, book value. There is no single methodology for estimating enterprise value. For any one portfolio company, enterprise value is generally described as a range of values from which a single estimate of enterprise value is derived. In estimating the enterprise value of a portfolio company, Main Street analyzes various factors including the portfolio company’s historical and projected financial results. Due to SEC deadlines for Main Street’s quarterly and annual financial reporting, the operating results of a portfolio company used in the current period valuation are generally the results from the period ended three months prior to such valuation date and may include unaudited, projected, budgeted or pro forma financial information and may require adjustments for non-recurring items or to normalize the operating results that may require significant judgment in determining. In addition, projecting future financial results requires significant judgment regarding future growth assumptions. In evaluating the operating results, Main Street also analyzes the impact of exposure to litigation, loss of customers or other contingencies. After determining the appropriate enterprise value, Main Street allocates the enterprise value to investments in order of the legal priority of the various components of the portfolio company’s capital structure. In applying the Waterfall valuation method, Main Street assumes the loans are paid-off at the principal amount in a change in control transaction and are not assumed by the buyer, which Main Street believes is consistent with its past transaction history and standard industry practices.
Under the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method, Main Street also uses the income approach to determine the fair value of debt securities based on projections of the discounted future free cash flows that the debt security will likely generate, including analyzing the discounted cash flows of interest and principal amounts for the debt security, as set forth in the associated loan agreements, as well as the financial position and credit risk of the portfolio company. Main Street’s estimate of the expected repayment date of its debt securities is generally the maturity date of the instrument, as Main Street generally intends to hold its loans and debt securities to maturity. The Yield-to-Maturity analysis also considers changes in leverage levels, credit quality, portfolio company performance, changes in market-based interest rates and other factors. Main Street will generally use the value determined by the Yield-to-Maturity analysis as the fair value for that security; however, because of Main Street’s general intent to hold its loans to maturity, the fair value will not exceed the principal amount of the debt security valued using the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method. A change in the assumptions that Main Street uses to estimate the fair value of its debt securities using the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method could have a material impact on the determination of fair value. If there is deterioration in credit quality or if a debt security is in workout status, Main Street may consider other factors in determining the fair value of the debt security, including the value attributable to the debt security from the enterprise value of the portfolio company or the proceeds that would most likely be received in a liquidation analysis.
Under the NAV valuation method, for an investment in an investment fund that does not have a readily determinable fair value, Main Street measures the fair value of the investment predominately based on the NAV of the investment fund as of the measurement date and adjusts the investment’s fair value for factors known to Main Street that would affect that fund’s NAV, including, but not limited to, fair values for individual investments held by the fund if Main Street holds the same investment or for a publicly traded investment. In addition, in determining the fair value of the investment, Main Street considers whether adjustments to the NAV are necessary in certain circumstances, based on the analysis of any restrictions on redemption of Main Street’s investment as of the measurement date, recent actual sales or redemptions of interests in the investment fund, and expected future cash flows available to equity holders, including the rate of return on those cash flows compared to an implied market return on equity required by market participants, or other uncertainties surrounding Main Street’s ability to realize the full NAV of its interests in the investment fund.
Pursuant to its internal valuation process and the requirements under the 1940 Act, Main Street performs valuation procedures on each of its portfolio investments quarterly. In addition to its internal valuation process, in arriving at
estimates of fair value for its investments in its LMM portfolio companies, Main Street, among other things, consults with a nationally recognized independent financial advisory services firm (the “Financial Advisory Firm”). The Financial Advisory Firm analyzes and provides observations, recommendations and an assurance certification regarding Main Street’s determinations of the fair value of its LMM portfolio company investments. The Financial Advisory Firm is generally consulted relative to Main Street’s investments in each LMM portfolio company at least once every calendar year, and for Main Street’s investments in new LMM portfolio companies, at least once in the twelve-month period subsequent to the initial investment. In certain instances, Main Street may determine that it is not cost-effective, and as a result is not in its stockholders’ best interest, to consult with the Financial Advisory Firm on its investments in one or more LMM portfolio companies. Such instances include, but are not limited to, situations where the fair value of Main Street’s investment in a LMM portfolio company is determined to be insignificant relative to the total Investment Portfolio. Main Street consulted with and received an assurance certification from the Financial Advisory Firm in arriving at its determination of fair value for its investments in a total of 18 LMM portfolio companies during each of the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, representing 21% and 23% of the total LMM portfolio at fair value as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. A total of 70 LMM portfolio companies were reviewed and certified by the Financial Advisory Firm during the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2024, representing 94% of the total LMM portfolio at fair value as of June 30, 2024. Excluding its investments in LMM portfolio companies that, as of June 30, 2024, had not been in the Investment Portfolio for at least twelve months subsequent to the initial investment or whose primary purpose is to own real estate for which a third-party appraisal is obtained on at least an annual basis, 99% of the LMM portfolio at fair value was reviewed and certified by the Financial Advisory Firm during the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2024.
For valuation purposes, the significant majority of Main Street’s Private Loan portfolio investments are non-control investments. For Private Loan portfolio investments for which it has determined that third-party quotes or other independent pricing are not available or appropriate, Main Street generally estimates the fair value based on the assumptions that it believes hypothetical market participants would use to value such Private Loan debt investments in a current hypothetical sale using the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method and such Private Loan equity investments in a current hypothetical sale using the Waterfall valuation method.
In addition to its internal valuation process, in arriving at estimates of fair value for its investments in its Private Loan portfolio companies, Main Street, among other things, consults with the Financial Advisory Firm. The Financial Advisory Firm analyzes and provides observations and recommendations and an assurance certification regarding Main Street’s determinations of the fair value of its Private Loan portfolio company investments. The Financial Advisory Firm is generally consulted relative to Main Street’s investments in each Private Loan portfolio company at least once every calendar year, and for Main Street’s investments in new Private Loan portfolio companies, at least once in the twelve-month period subsequent to the initial investment. In certain instances, Main Street may determine that it is not cost-effective, and as a result is not in its stockholders’ best interest, to consult with the Financial Advisory Firm on its investments in one or more Private Loan portfolio companies. Such instances include, but are not limited to, situations where the fair value of Main Street’s investment in a Private Loan portfolio company is determined to be insignificant relative to the total Investment Portfolio. Main Street consulted with and received an assurance certification from the Financial Advisory Firm in arriving at its determination of fair value for its investments in a total of 19 and 15 Private Loan portfolio companies during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, representing 22% and 24% of the total Private Loan portfolio at fair value as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. A total of 60 Private Loan portfolio companies were reviewed and certified by the Financial Advisory Firm during the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2024, representing 72% of the total Private Loan portfolio at fair value as of June 30, 2024. Excluding its investments in Private Loan portfolio companies that, as of June 30, 2024, had not been in the Investment Portfolio for at least twelve months subsequent to the initial investment and its investments in Private Loan portfolio companies that were not reviewed because the investment is valued based upon third-party quotes or other independent pricing, 95% of the Private Loan portfolio at fair value was reviewed and certified by the Financial Advisory Firm during the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2024.
For valuation purposes, all of Main Street’s Middle Market portfolio investments are non-control investments. To the extent sufficient observable inputs are available to determine fair value, Main Street uses observable inputs to determine the fair value of these investments through obtaining third-party quotes or other independent pricing. For Middle Market portfolio investments for which it has determined that third-party quotes or other independent pricing are not available or appropriate, Main Street generally estimates the fair value based on the assumptions that it believes
hypothetical market participants would use to value such Middle Market debt investments in a current hypothetical sale using the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method and such Middle Market equity investments in a current hypothetical sale using the Waterfall valuation method. Main Street generally consults on a limited basis with the Financial Advisory Firm in connection with determining the fair value of its Middle Market portfolio investments due to the nature of these investments. The vast majority (98% as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023) of the Middle Market portfolio investments (i) are valued using third-party quotes or other independent pricing services or (ii) Main Street has consulted with and received an assurance certification from the Financial Advisory Firm within the last twelve months.
For valuation purposes, Main Street’s short-term portfolio investments have historically been comprised of non-control investments. To the extent sufficient observable inputs are available to determine fair value, Main Street uses observable inputs to determine the fair value of these investments through obtaining third-party quotes or other independent pricing. Because any short-term portfolio investments are typically valued using third-party quotes or other independent pricing services, Main Street generally does not consult with any financial advisory services firms in connection with determining the fair value of its short-term portfolio investments.
For valuation purposes, the majority of Main Street’s Other Portfolio investments are non-control investments. Main Street’s Other Portfolio investments comprised 3.8% and 3.3% of Main Street’s Investment Portfolio at fair value as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Similar to the LMM investment portfolio, market quotations for Other Portfolio equity investments are generally not readily available. For its Other Portfolio equity investments, Main Street generally determines the fair value of these investments using the NAV valuation method.
For valuation purposes, Main Street’s investment in the External Investment Manager is a control investment. Market quotations are not readily available for this investment, and as a result, Main Street determines the fair value of the External Investment Manager using the Waterfall valuation method under the market approach. In estimating the enterprise value, Main Street analyzes various factors, including the entity’s historical and projected financial results, as well as its size, marketability and performance relative to the population of market comparables, and the valuations for comparable publicly traded companies and private transactions involving comparable companies. This valuation approach estimates the value of the investment as if Main Street were to sell, or exit, the investment. In addition, Main Street considers its ability to control the capital structure of the company, as well as the timing of a potential exit, in connection with determining the fair value of the External Investment Manager. Main Street consults with and receives an assurance certification from the Financial Advisory Firm in arriving at its determination of fair value for its investment in the External Investment Adviser on a quarterly basis, including as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Due to the inherent uncertainty in the valuation process, Main Street’s determination of fair value for its Investment Portfolio may differ materially from the values that would have been determined had a ready market for the securities existed. In addition, changes in the market environment, portfolio company performance and other events that may occur over the lives of the investments may cause the gains or losses ultimately realized on these investments to be materially different than the valuations currently assigned. Main Street determines the fair value of each individual investment and records changes in fair value as unrealized appreciation or depreciation.
Main Street uses an internally developed portfolio investment rating system in connection with its investment oversight, portfolio management and analysis and investment valuation procedures for its LMM, Private Loan and Middle Market portfolio companies. This system takes into account both quantitative and qualitative factors of each LMM, Private Loan and Middle Market portfolio company.
Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act permits a BDC’s board of directors to designate its executive officers or investment adviser as a valuation designee to determine the fair value for its investment portfolio, subject to the active oversight of the board. Main Street’s Board of Directors has approved policies and procedures pursuant to Rule 2a-5 (the “Valuation Procedures”) and has designated a group of its executive officers to serve as the Board of Directors’ valuation designee. Main Street believes its Investment Portfolio as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 approximates fair value as of those dates based on the markets in which it operates and other conditions in existence on those reporting dates.
2.Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different conditions or assumptions. Additionally, as explained in Note B.1. — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Valuation of the Investment Portfolio, the consolidated financial statements include investments in the Investment Portfolio whose values have been estimated by Main Street, pursuant to valuation policies and procedures approved and overseen by Main Street’s Board of Directors, in the absence of readily ascertainable market values. Because of the inherent uncertainty of the Investment Portfolio valuations, those estimated values may differ materially from the values that would have been determined had a ready market for the securities existed.
Macroeconomic factors, including pandemics, risk of recession, inflation, supply chain constraints or disruptions, geopolitical disruptions and changing market index interest rates, and the related effect on the U.S. and global economies, have impacted, and may continue to impact, the businesses and operating results of certain of Main Street’s portfolio companies. As a result of these and other current effects of macroeconomic factors, as well as the uncertainty regarding the extent and duration of their impact, the valuation of Main Street’s Investment Portfolio has and may continue to experience increased volatility.
3.Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $6.6 million and $15.2 million, respectively, of cash equivalents invested in AAA-rated money market funds pending investment in the Company’s primary investment strategies. These highly liquid investments are included in the Consolidated Schedule of Investments.
At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, cash balances totaling $19.8 million and $40.1 million, respectively, exceeded Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance protection levels, subjecting the Company to risk related to the uninsured balance.
4.Interest, Dividend and Fee Income
Main Street records interest and dividend income on the accrual basis to the extent amounts are expected to be collected. Dividend income is recorded when dividends are declared by the portfolio company or at such other time that an obligation exists for the portfolio company to make a distribution. Main Street evaluates accrued interest and dividend income periodically for collectability. When a loan or debt security becomes 90 days or more past due, and if Main Street otherwise does not expect the debtor to be able to service its debt obligation, Main Street will generally place the loan or debt security on non-accrual status and cease recognizing interest income on that loan or debt security until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and intent to pay contractual amounts due. If a loan or debt security’s status significantly improves regarding the debtor’s ability to service the debt obligation, or if a loan or debt security is sold or written off, Main Street removes it from non-accrual status.
As of June 30, 2024, investments on non-accrual status comprised 1.2% of Main Street’s total Investment Portfolio at fair value and 3.6% at cost. As of December 31, 2023, investments on non-accrual status comprised 0.6% of Main Street’s total Investment Portfolio at fair value and 2.3% at cost.
Main Street holds certain debt and preferred equity instruments in its Investment Portfolio that contain PIK interest and cumulative dividend provisions. The PIK interest, computed at the contractual rate specified in each debt agreement, is periodically added to the principal balance of the debt and is recorded as interest income. Thus, the actual collection of this interest may be deferred until the time of debt principal repayment. Cumulative dividends are recorded as dividend income, and any dividends in arrears are added to the balance of the preferred equity investment. The actual collection of these dividends in arrears may be deferred until such time as the preferred equity is redeemed or sold. To maintain RIC tax treatment (as discussed in Note B.10. — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Income Taxes
below), these non-cash sources of income may need to be paid out to stockholders in the form of distributions, even though Main Street may not have collected the PIK interest and cumulative dividends in cash. Main Street stops accruing PIK interest and cumulative dividends and writes off any accrued and uncollected interest and dividends in arrears when it determines that such PIK interest and dividends in arrears are no longer collectible. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, (i) 3.7% and 1.8%, respectively, of Main Street’s total investment income was attributable to PIK interest income not paid currently in cash and (ii) 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively, of Main Street’s total investment income was attributable to cumulative dividend income not paid currently in cash. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, (i) 3.5% and 2.1%, respectively, of Main Street’s total investment income was attributable to PIK interest income not paid currently in cash and (ii) 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively, of Main Street’s total investment income was attributable to cumulative dividend income not paid currently in cash.
Main Street may periodically provide services, including structuring and advisory services, to its portfolio companies or other third parties. For services that are separately identifiable and evidence exists to substantiate fair value, fee income is recognized as earned, which is generally when the investment or other applicable transaction closes. Fees received in connection with debt financing transactions for services that do not meet these criteria are treated as debt origination fees and are generally deferred and accreted into income over the life of the financing.
A presentation of total investment income Main Street received from its Investment Portfolio in each of the periods presented is as follows:
5.Deferred Financing Costs
Deferred financing costs include commitment fees and other direct costs related to Main Street’s multi-year revolving credit facility (the “Corporate Facility”) and special purpose vehicle revolving credit facility (the “SPV Facility” and, together with the Corporate Facility, the “Credit Facilities”) and its unsecured notes, as well as the commitment fees and leverage fees (3.4% of the total commitment and draw amounts, as applicable) on the SBIC debentures. See further discussion of Main Street’s debt in Note E — Debt. Deferred financing costs in connection with the Credit Facilities are capitalized as an asset. Deferred financing costs in connection with all other debt arrangements are a direct deduction from the principal amount outstanding.
6.Equity Offering Costs
The Company’s offering costs are charged against the proceeds from equity offerings when the proceeds are received.
7.Unearned Income—Debt Origination Fees and Original Issue Discount and Discounts / Premiums to Par Value
Main Street capitalizes debt origination fees received in connection with financings and reflects such fees as unearned income netted against the applicable debt investments. The unearned income from the fees is accreted into income over the life of the financing.
In connection with its portfolio debt investments, Main Street sometimes receives nominal cost warrants or warrants with an exercise price below the fair value of the underlying equity (together, “nominal cost equity”) that are valued as part of the negotiation process with the particular portfolio company. When Main Street receives nominal cost equity, it allocates its cost basis in its investment between its debt security and its nominal cost equity at the time of origination based on amounts negotiated with the particular portfolio company. The allocated amounts are based upon the fair value of the nominal cost equity, which is then used to determine the allocation of cost to the debt security. Any discount recorded on a debt investment resulting from this allocation is reflected as unearned income, which is netted against the applicable debt investment, and accreted into interest income over the life of the debt investment. The actual collection of this interest is deferred until the time of debt principal repayment.
Main Street may also purchase debt securities at a discount or at a premium to the par value of the debt security. In the case of a purchase at a discount, Main Street records the investment at the par value of the debt security net of the discount, and the discount is accreted into interest income over the life of the debt investment. In the case of a purchase at a premium, Main Street records the investment at the par value of the debt security plus the premium, and the premium is amortized as a reduction to interest income over the life of the debt investment.
To maintain RIC tax treatment (as discussed in Note B.10. — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Income Taxes below), these non-cash sources of income may need to be paid out to stockholders in the form of distributions, even though Main Street may not have collected the interest income. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, 2.0% and 1.8%, respectively, of Main Street’s total investment income was attributable to interest income from the accretion of discounts associated with debt investments, net of any premium amortization. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, 1.9% and 1.8%, respectively, of Main Street’s total investment income was attributable to interest income from the accretion of discounts associated with debt investments, net of any premium amortization.
8.Share-Based Compensation
Main Street accounts for its share-based compensation plans using the fair value method, as prescribed by ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. Accordingly, for restricted stock awards, Main Street measures the grant date fair value based upon the market price of its common stock on the date of the grant and amortizes the fair value of the awards as share-based compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting term.
Main Street recognizes all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies associated with share-based compensation (including tax benefits of dividends on share-based payment awards) as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement and does not delay recognition of a tax benefit until the tax benefit is realized through a reduction to taxes payable. As such, the tax effects of exercised or vested awards are treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. Additionally, Main Street has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.
9. Deferred Compensation Plan
The Main Street Capital Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Deferred Compensation Plan”) allows directors and certain employees to defer receipt of some or all of their cash compensation or directors’ fees in accordance with plan terms. Deferred Compensation Plan participants elect one or more investment options, including phantom Main Street stock units, interests in affiliated funds and various mutual funds, where their deferred amounts are notionally invested, and Main Street invests the deferred amounts through a trust (except for phantom Main Street stock units), pending distribution.
Compensation deferred under the Deferred Compensation Plan is recognized on the same basis as such compensation would have been recognized if not deferred. The appreciation (depreciation) in the fair value of deferred compensation plan assets is reflected in Main Street's Consolidated Statements of Operations as unrealized appreciation (depreciation), with the recognition of a corresponding and offsetting deferred compensation expense or (benefit), respectively. Deferred compensation expense or (benefit) does not result in a net cash impact to Main Street upon settlement. Investments in the trust are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as an asset of Main Street (other assets) and as a deferred compensation liability (other liabilities).
Phantom Main Street stock units under the Deferred Compensation Plan are not issued shares of Main Street common stock and are not included as outstanding on the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets until such shares are actually distributed to the participant, but the related phantom stock units are included in weighted-average shares outstanding with the related dollar amount of the deferral included in total expenses in Main Street’s Consolidated Statements of Operations as the deferred fees represented by such phantom stock units are earned over the service period. Additional phantom stock units from dividends on phantom stock units are included in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets as an increase to dividends to stockholders offset by a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital.
10. Income Taxes
MSCC has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a RIC. MSCC’s taxable income includes the taxable income generated by MSCC and certain of its subsidiaries, including the Funds and Structured Subsidiaries, which are treated as disregarded entities for tax purposes. As a RIC, MSCC generally will not pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any net ordinary taxable income or capital gains that MSCC distributes to its stockholders. MSCC must generally distribute at least 90% of its “investment company taxable income” (which is generally its net ordinary taxable income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses) and 90% of its tax-exempt income to maintain its RIC status (pass-through tax treatment for amounts distributed). As part of maintaining RIC status, undistributed taxable income (subject to a 4% non-deductible U.S. federal excise tax) pertaining to a given fiscal year may be distributed up to twelve months subsequent to the end of that fiscal year, provided such dividends are declared on or prior to the later of (i) the filing of the U.S. federal income tax return for the applicable fiscal year or (ii) the fifteenth day of the ninth month following the close of the year in which such taxable income was generated.
The Taxable Subsidiaries primarily hold certain equity investments for Main Street. The Taxable Subsidiaries permit Main Street to hold equity investments in portfolio companies which are “pass-through” entities for tax purposes and to continue to comply with the “source-of-income” requirements contained in the RIC tax provisions of the Code. The Taxable Subsidiaries are consolidated with Main Street for U.S. GAAP financial reporting purposes, and the portfolio investments held by the Taxable Subsidiaries are included in Main Street’s consolidated financial statements as portfolio investments and recorded at fair value. The Taxable Subsidiaries are not consolidated with MSCC for income tax purposes and may generate income tax expense, or benefit, and tax assets and liabilities, as a result of their ownership of certain portfolio investments. The taxable income, or loss, of the Taxable Subsidiaries may differ from their book income, or loss, due to temporary book and tax timing differences and permanent differences. The Taxable Subsidiaries are each taxed at corporate income tax rates based on their taxable income. The income tax expense, or benefit, if any, and the related tax assets and liabilities, of the Taxable Subsidiaries are reflected in Main Street’s consolidated financial statements.
The External Investment Manager is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of MSCC owned through a Taxable Subsidiary and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes. The External Investment Manager has entered into a tax sharing agreement with its Taxable Subsidiary owner. Since the External Investment Manager is accounted for as a portfolio investment of MSCC and is not included as a consolidated subsidiary of MSCC in MSCC’s consolidated financial statements, and as a result of the tax sharing agreement with its Taxable Subsidiary owner, for its stand-alone financial reporting purposes the External Investment Manager is treated as if it is taxed at corporate income tax rates based on its taxable income and, as a result of its activities, may generate income tax expense or benefit. The income tax expense, or benefit, if any, and the related tax assets and liabilities, of the External Investment Manager are reflected in the External Investment Manager’s separate financial statements.
The Taxable Subsidiaries and the External Investment Manager use the liability method in accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, using statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided, if necessary, against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Main Street’s net assets as included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets include an adjustment to classification as a result of permanent book-to-tax differences, which include differences in the book and tax treatment of income and expenses.
Taxable income generally differs from net income for financial reporting purposes due to temporary and permanent differences in the recognition of income and expenses. Taxable income generally excludes net unrealized appreciation or depreciation, as investment gains or losses are not included in taxable income until they are realized.
11. Net Realized Gains or Losses and Net Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation
Realized gains or losses are measured by the difference between the net proceeds from the sale or redemption of an investment or a financial instrument and the cost basis of the investment or financial instrument, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized, and includes investments written-off during the period net of recoveries and realized gains or losses from in-kind redemptions. Net unrealized appreciation or depreciation reflects the net change in the fair value of the Investment Portfolio and financial instruments and the reclassification of any prior period unrealized appreciation or depreciation on exited investments and financial instruments to realized gains or losses.
12. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value estimates are made at discrete points in time based on relevant information. These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Main Street believes that the carrying amounts of its financial instruments, consisting of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, payables and other liabilities approximate the fair values of such items due to the short-term nature of these instruments.
Main Street’s debt instruments, including all revolving and term debt and secured and unsecured debt, are accounted for on a historical cost basis as applicable under U.S. GAAP. As also required under U.S. GAAP, Main Street discloses the estimated fair value of its debt obligations in Note E — Debt. To estimate the fair value of Main Street’s multiple tranches of unsecured debt instruments as disclosed in Note E — Debt, Main Street uses quoted market prices. For the estimated fair value of Main Street’s SBIC debentures, Main Street uses the Yield-to-Maturity valuation method based on projections of the discounted future free cash flows that the debt security will likely generate, including both the discounted cash flows of the associated interest and principal amounts for the debt security. The inputs used to value Main Street’s debt instruments for purposes of the fair value estimate disclosures in Note E — Debt are considered to be Level 2 according to the ASC 820 fair value hierarchy.
13. Earnings per Share
Basic and diluted per share calculations are computed utilizing the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. In accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, the unvested shares of restricted stock awarded pursuant to Main Street’s equity compensation plans are participating securities and, therefore, are included in the basic earnings per share calculation. As a result, for all periods presented, there is no difference between diluted earnings per share and basic earnings per share amounts.
14. Recently Issued or Adopted Accounting Standards
In November 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference rate reform (Topic 848) — Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024 after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. The Company utilized the optional expedients and exceptions provided by ASU 2020-04 and extended by ASU 2022-06 during the year ended December 31, 2023, the effect of which was not material to the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. For the current year, the Company will no longer utilize the optional expedients provided by ASU 2020-04, as LIBOR is no longer referenced in any of its contracts. ASU 2022-06 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update require more disaggregated information on income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted; however, the Company has not elected to adopt this provision as of the date of the financial statements contained in this report. The Company is still assessing the impact of the new guidance.
However, it does not expect ASU 2023-09 to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. The Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards and any that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
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